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SYLLABUS--PHYSICS (Class-XII)
Theory
Unit-I : Electrostatics (Periods-25)
Electric charges and their conservation, Coulomb's law, Force between two points charges, forces between
multiple charges, superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due
to a diapole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauses's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely longstraight wire, uniformly charged infinite planesheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside
and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of
charges, equi-potential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric
dipole in an electrostatics field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectric and electric
polarisation capacitors and capacitance combination of capacitors in series and in parallel capicitance of a
parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van
de Graff generator.
Unit-II : Current Electricity (Periods-22)
Electric current flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their
relation with electric current, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I, Characteristic (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, carbon resistors, colour code for carbon
resistors, series & parallel combinations of resistors, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance
of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Krichoff's laws and simple applications, wheatstone bridge, meter bridge.
Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two
cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit-III : Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism (Periods-25)
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment Biot-sevart law and its application to current carrying
circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenids, Force
on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and the field, cyclotron.
Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current
- carrying conductor - definition of ampere, Torque experiencd by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field,
moving coil galvenometers, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter voltage current
loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnete) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis.
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid,
magnetic field lines, Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-dia & Ferro-magnetic substances,
with examples. Electromagnets and factors affectings their strength, permanent magnets.
Unit-IV : Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current (Periods-20)
Electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, induced emf and current, Lenz's law, Eddy currents, self and
mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of Ac/voltage, reactance and impedance, LC, oscillations
(qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC Circuits, wattliess current.
AC generator and transformer.
Unit-V : Electromagnetic Waves (Periods-4)
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum / radio waves, micro waves, infrared , visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gammarays)
including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit-VI : Optics (Periods-30)
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, Refraction of light, total internal reflection and
its application, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula,
Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light
through a prism, Scattering of light - blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and
sunset.
Optical instrument : Human eye, image formation and accomodation, correction of eye defects (Myopia,
hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses, Microscopes and astronomical telescope (reflecting
and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave Optics : Wavefront and Hyugen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane Wave at a plane,
surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. InterferenceYoung's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference
of light, Diffraction due to a single slit, width of centra maximum. Resolving powers of microscopes and
astronomical telescope, polarisation, plane polarised light, Brcwster's law, uses of plane polarised light and
polaroids.
Unit-VII : Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation (Periods-8)
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations. Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature
of light.
Matter waves – Wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davission - Germer experiment.
Unit-VII : Atoms and Nuclei (Periods-18)
Alpha – Particle scattering experiments, Rutherford model of atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen
spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars, isotones, Radioactivity – alpha,
beta and gamma particle / rays and their properties, radioactive decay law. Mass energy relation, mass defect,
binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.
Unit-IX : Electronic Devices (Periods-18)
Semiconductors, semiconductor diode – I. V. characteristics in forward ad reverse bias, diode as a
rectifier, I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator,
Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor, transistor as an amplifier (common emitter
configuration) and oscillator, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR), Transistor as a Switch, Boolean
Algebra (Elementary ideas only).
Unit-X : Communication Systems (Periods-25)
Elements of communication system (block diagram only), bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital
data); bandwidth of transmission medium propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and
space wave propagation, Need for modulation, production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.
Satellite communication system and its uses : Elementary ideas of electronic gadget used in our daily
life like - Mobile
PROne Paper Three Hours Max. Marks : 70
Unit Class-XI Weightage
Unit-I Electrostatics 08
Unit-II Current Electricity 07
Unit-III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 08
Unit-IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 08
Unit-V Electromagnetic Waves 03
Unit-VI Optics 14
Unit-VII Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 04
Unit-VIII Atoms & Nuclei 06
Unit-IX Electronic Devices 07
Unit-X Communication Systems 05
Total 70
SYLLABUS--CHEMISTRY (Class-XI)CHEMISTRY
Theory Total Periods : 180
UNIT-I : Some basic concepts of Chemistry : (Periods -14)
General Introduction : Importance and scope of chemistry, Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of elements,atoms and molecules, Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass;percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
UNIT-II : Structure of Atom : (Periods -16)
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron and their characteristics; atomic nu& Isobars, Thomson's model and its limitation, Rutherford's model and its limitations,Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, De Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals,
Quantum numbers, shapes of S.P. and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration ofatoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.
jl UNIT-III : Radioactivity : (Periods -10)
Artificial and natural radioactivity, á, â and γ rays, cause of radioactivity, disintegrationlaw, group displacement law, half life period, average life, mass defect, binding energy,balancing of nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, isotopes, isobars and isotones.
UNIT-IV : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties :
(Periods -12)
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modernperiodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements
– atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency, classification of elements in terms of s, p, d and f-block and theircharacteristics, Normal and transition elements, lanthanides, metal, non metal andmetalloids, oxidation states, stability, colour, magnetic properties, complexing propertiesand catalytic properties of transition elements.
UNIT-V : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure : (Periods -16)
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameteers, Lewis structure, polarcharacter of covalent bond, Covalent characters of Ionic bond, valence bond theory,resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridizationinvolving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theoryof homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bonding, shapes ofions and molecules (CH4, NH3, H2O, SO4–2, NO3–,).
UNIT-VI : States of Matter : gases and liquids : (Periods -14)
Three states of matter, Intermolecular interactions, type of bonding, melting and boilingpoints. Role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charle'slaw, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, Ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation.Avogadro's number. Ideal gas equation. Derivation from ideal behaviour, liquification ofgases, critical temperature.Liquid State
UNIT-VII : Thermodynamics : (Periods -16)
Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive andintensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics – internal energy andenthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of DU and DH, Hess's law of constantheat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization,sublimation, phase transition, ionization and dilution.Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and nonsponteneousprocess, equilibrium.
UNIT-VIII : Equilibrium : (Periods -20)
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes dynamic nature of equilibrium, law ofmass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier's principle;ionic equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree ofionization, concept of pH and its application – also with reference to human health, diseases,food, drinks, medicine, soil fertility and in fertilizer. Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea),buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).
UNIT-IX : Redox Reactions : (Periods -8)
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, applications of redox reactions.
UNIT-X : Hydrogen : (Periods -4)
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties anduses of hydrogen; hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemicalproperties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide –preparation, reactions and structure;hydrogen as a fuel.
UNIT-XI : s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals): (Periods -14)
Group 1 and Group 2 elements :General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as
ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water,hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation and properties of some important compounds : Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.. CaO, CaCO3 and industrial use, Special characteristics and use of Boarx, Boric acid, Boron hydride, silicon, silicates and zeolite.
UNIT-XII : Some p-Block Elements (Periods -16)
General Introduction to p_Block Elements
Group 13 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence. Variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first elem ent of the group; Boron-physical and chemical properties, some important compounds : borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium : uses, reactions with acids and alkalies. Group 14 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of
properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element, Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important
compounds : oxides. Preparation of some important compounds, their characteristics and uses : (Periods -4) Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. CaO, CaCO3 – industrial use, special characteristics and use of Borax, Boric acid, Boron hydride, silicon, silicates and zeolite.
UNIT-XIII : Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques : (Periods -13)
General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond : inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond : free radicals, carbocations, carboanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
UNIT-XIV : Hydrocarbons : (Periods -16)
Classification of hydrocarbons :
Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), methods of preparation,physical properties, chemical reactions, including free radical mechanism of halogenation,combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, methodsof preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions : addition of hydrogen, halogen, water,hydrogen halides (Markovnikov'saddition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation.
Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions; acidic character of alkynes, some nucleophilic addition reactions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene : resonance, aromaticity : methods of preparation, chemical properties, orientation. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution – nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedal Craft's alkylation and acylation; Aldol and cannizaro condensation, directive influence or
functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.
UNIT-XV : Environmental Chemistry : (Periods -6)
Concept on environment and ecology, general concept of pollution – air, water and soilpollution, smogs (mixture of smoke and fogs), major atmospheric pollutants : acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes, over population, modernization, ecological imbalance, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control
of environmental pollution.
SYLLABUS--CHEMISTRY (Class-XII)
CHEMISTRY
Theory Total Periods : 180
UNIT-I : Solid State
Classification of solids based on different binding forces : Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous an crystalline solids (elementary idea) unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical
and magnetic properties.
UNIT-II : Solutions : (Periods -12)
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of Boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
UNIT-III : Electrochemistry : (Periods -14)
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell, electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application
to chemical cells, and fuel cells corrosion.
UNIT-IV : Chemical Kinetics : (Periods -12)
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction, concentration, temperature, catalyst, order and molecularity of a reaction, rate laws and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concepts of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
UNIT-V Surface Chemistry :(Periods -8
Adsorption – Physiosorption and chemisorption; factor affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis, colloidal state : distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions, lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions.
UNIT-VI : General principles and process of Isolation of elements : (Periods -8)
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction, electrolytic and refining.
Occurence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
UNIT-VII : Group I & II elements : (Periods -8)
Abnormal properties of first element of group-13 and group-14 elements, Diagonal relationship and different properties of groups I & group-II elements like chemical reactivities, atomic and Ionic radii, enthalpi of ionization etc.
UNIT-VIII : P-block elements : (Periods -14)
Group 15 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties, nitrogen-preparation, properties and uses, compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only), Phosphorous – allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorous, preparation and properties of phosphine, halides of phosphorous (PCl3 and PCl5) and
oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen, preparation, propertiesand uses simple oxides, ozone sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur; preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid; industrial process of
manufacture; properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structure only). Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens; preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids
of halogens (structure only).
Group 18 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrance, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT-IX : d– and f– block elements : (Periods -14)
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transitionmetals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character,ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magneticproperties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties ofK2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 .Lanthanides : Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction. Actinides : Electronic configuration, oxidation states.
UNIT-X : Co-ordination Compounds : (Periods -12)
Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, isomerism, importance of coordination (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
UNIT-XI : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes : (Periods -12)
Haloalkanes : Nomenclature, nature of C-X bonds, methods of preparation, prophysical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Haloarenes : Nature of C-X bond, methods of preparation, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for mono substitute compounds only) uses and environmental effects
of dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetra chloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
UNIT-XII : Alcohals, Phenols and Ethers : (Periods -12)
Alcohol : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohol only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, some important compounds – methanol and ethanol. Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT-XIII : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids : (Periods -12)
Aldehydes and Ketones : Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehyde, uses. Carboxylic Acid : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT-XIV : Organic compounds containing Nitrogen : (Periods - ....)
Amines cynaides and Isocynaides: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Diazonium Salts : Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT-XV : Biomolecules : (Periods -12)
Carbohydrates : Classification (aldoses and ketoses), mono sacharides (glucose and fructose), oligosacharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogens), importance. Proteins : Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides, proteins, primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. Vitmains : Classification and functions : Nucleic acid : DNA and RNA
jGroup 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens; preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structure only). Group 18 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrance, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT-IX : d– and f– block elements : (Periods -14)
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties ofK2Cr2O7and KMnO4 Lanthanides : Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide
contraction. Actinides : Electronic configuration, oxidation states.
UNIT-X : Co-ordination Compounds : (Periods -12)
Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, isomerism, importance of coordination (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
UNIT-XI : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes : (Periods -12)
Haloalkanes : Nomenclature, nature of C-X bonds, methods of preparation, prophysical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Haloarenes : Nature of C-X bond, methods of preparation, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for mono substitute compounds only) uses and environmental effects
of dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetra chloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
UNIT-XII : Alcohals, Phenols and Ethers : (Periods -12)
Alcohol : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohol only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, some important compounds – methanol and ethanol. Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT-XIII : Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids : (Periods -12)
Aldehydes and Ketones : Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehyde, uses. Carboxylic Acid : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT-XIV : Organic compounds containing Nitrogen : (Periods - ....)
Amines cynaides and Isocynaides: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Diazonium Salts : Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT-XV : Biomolecules : (Periods -12)
Carbohydrates : Classification (aldoses and ketoses), mono sacharides (glucose and fructose), oligosacharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogens), importance.
Proteins : Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitmains : Classification and functions : Nucleic acid : DNA and RNA
jlk;u UNIT-XVI : Polymers : (Periods -8)
Classification : natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers; natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
UNIT-XVII : Chemistry in everyday life : (Periods -8)
1. Chemical in medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptic, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
2. Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents.
3. Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
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SYLLABUS - BIOLOGY CLASS-XI
UNIT-I : DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD
l Introduction and significance of biodiversity. Systematics (General introduction, Identification classification) and binomial and Trinomial system of nomenclature, concept of Taxons. l Classification of the living organisms : Five kingdom classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and animalia) and Two kingdom system. l System of Plant Classification (Artificial, Natural and phylogenetic systems) and animal classification (Non-chordate upto phylum level and chordate upto class level) l Elementary idea of Micro-organism : Viroids, Prions, Viruses (status of viruses),
bacteriophages, bacteria, cyanobacteria and their economic importance. l Characteristic feature and elementary idea of different plant groups (Thallophyta, Bryophyta, pteridophyta, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm).
l Botanical Garden, Zoological parks, Sanctuary, Natural musuems, herbaria.
UNIT-II : STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION AND COMPLEXITY IN LIVING ORGANISM
l Morphology of Plants : * Morphology of roots, stems and leaf with their modification. * Morphology of Inflorescence, flowers, fruits and seeds. * Descriptions of different families on the basis of floral characters : Malvaceae, Solanaceae, liliaceae, cruciferae, leguminasae, compositeae, graminae (Poaceae).
l Anatomy of Plants :
* Elementary idea about tissue system. * Anatomical structure of root, stem and leaf, monocot and dicot plant.
* Morphological and anatomical structure of hydrophytic and xerophytic plant with
special reference to root, stem and leaf (only adaptive characters).
l Brief anatomy and function in animals : * Tissue and its type. * Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous and reproductive systems of Earthworm, cockroach, frog and rabbit.
UNIT-III : CELL : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
l Introduction and elementary idea of Tools and techniques used in study of cell. l Ultra structure of typical Eukaryotic cell and differences with Prokaryotic cell. Differences between animal cell and plant cell.
l Protoplasm : Structure (chemical composition) l Cell membrane : Concept of unit membrane model, Fluid mosaic model, passive and active transport.
l Cell wall l Structure and function of cell organelles : Mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic, golgibodies / dictyosomes, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, microtubules, centrioles, cilia and flagella, nucleus.
l Cell cycle : Cell division; Amitosis, Mitosis and Meiosis and their significance (animal cell and plant cell).
l Biomolecules : Basic chemical constituents of living bodies, structure and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. l Enzymes : Its types, properties and major function (elementary idea) ATP and other
energy rich compounds, Elementary ideas of vitamins and major functions.
UNIT-IV : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
l Plant water relationship, water potential of cell, absorption of water and minerals, ascent of sap, transpiration and mechanism of stomatal opening and closure, Xerophytic adaptation for transpiration. Respiration l Photosynthesis l Plant growth and development l Growth regulator, Photoperiodism and vernelization.
UNIT-V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
l Elementary ideas of physiology of digestion and absorption, respiration, circulation and excretion.
l Movement and locomotion. Control and co-ordination : Nervous system, sensory system and endocrine systems.
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COURSE One Paper Three Hours Max. Marks : 70
Class-XI Weightage
1. Diversity in living world 05
2. Structural organization and complexity in living organism 10
3. Cell : Structure and function 15
4. Plant Physiology 16
5. Human Physiology 16
6. Organism and Environment 10
Total 70
SYLLABUS - BIOLOGY CLASS-XII
UNIT-I : REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
l Reproduction in Plants – Types of reproduction, reproductive part of flower, gametogenesis, pollination and fertilization; Development of seeds and fruits. l Reproduction and development in Human – Reproductive system in male and female; Role of sex-hormones in the development of sexual characters, menstrual cycle,
production of gametes (gametogenesis), fertilization, implantation, embryo development, pregnancy and parturation, Test-tube baby (IVF).
l Reproduction Health – Birth control, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
UNIT-II : GENETICS AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION
l Introduction l Mendelism – Mendel's experiments of monohybrid and dihybrid cross, Mendel's law of inheritance. l Gene interaction – Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles (blood groupings), Epistasis. l Chromosome theory of inheritance, linkage and crossing over, cytoplasmic inheritance.
Sex-determination in human beings : XX, Xy, Sex-linked inheritance and cogenital diseases ex. Haemophilia, colour blindness, Sickle celled anaemia. l Elementary idea of Gene, chromatin fibre and chromosome. l DNA – replication, Genetic code, transcription and translation. Gene expression and regulation l Mechanism of variation – at chromosome level (chromosomal abberation and it gene level (mutation). Theories and evidences of organic evolution, Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism
UNIT-III : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
l Elementary idea of components of Biotechnology. l Tools and techniques.
l Recombinant DNA technology, Genetically modified (GM) organism– Application in health, Agriculture and Industries. Insulin and BT-Cotton.
l DNA finger printing
UNIT-IV : APPLIED BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
l Introduction l Elementary idea of animal husbandry, poulty, fisheries, silviculture (litchi, mango), Horticulture, Apiculture, Sericulture, Cultivation of Makhana and Medicinal plants. l Improvement in agriculture, food production and food processing, food processing and micro organisms. l Basic concepts of plant breeding and tissue culture.
l Microbes in sewage treatment and energy generation. l Basic concept of Immunology, vaccines.
l Parasites and pathogens. l Cancer and AIDS l Adolescence and drug / alcohol abuse.
UNIT-V : ORGANISM AND ENVIRONMENT
l Introduction of ecology. l Concept of species, population, population dynamics, community, ecosystem, Biome
and biosphere. l Ecosystem (Abiotic component and biotic component). l Interaction of Abiotic factors and Biotic factors. Effects of population on physical environment i.e. Climatic, edaphic and other abiotic factors. l Types of major ecosystems. Food chain, food web, Energy flow in ecosystem, Biogeochemical cycle (Gaseous and sedimentary).MAN AND ENVIRONMENT l Effect of increasing population on Ecosystem. l Conservation of biological resources – Wildlife and forest conservation. Importance of forests, hazards of deforestation, afforestation, Indian forests; causes for extinction of some wild life. Concept of endangered species, Measures and steps for conservation of endangered species.
Environmental Issues – l Environmental pollution; Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution,
radiation pollution, their effects and methods of control. l Environmental laws.tho f
One Paper Three Hours Max. Marks : 70
Class-XII Weightage
1. Reproduction and development 06
2. Genetics and organic evolution 18
3. Biotechnology & its application 18
4. Applied Biology and human welfare 18
5. Man and Environment 10
Total 70oKku
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